Premier/Diebold

Make / Model: Premier AccuVote OS (aka ES 2000) & AccuVote OSX
Equipment Type: Hand-Fed Optical Scan Tabulator

The AccuVote OS is a hand-fed optical scanner and tabulator that processes hand marked paper ballots and ballots marked by the AutoMARK ballot marking device. The AccuVote OS is most often used as a polling place tabulator but in some smaller and medium-sized jurisdictions it is also used to tabulate absentee mail ballots.

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The AccuVote OS scans ballots fed in any one of four orientations: face up, face down, head first, and foot first. It includes a small rectangular LCD screen displays ballot return messages for ballots that contain overvotes or undervotes. After scanning and tabulating ballots the AccuVote OS automatically drops counted ballots into one of two compartments into a ballot box, depending on ballot selection criteria specified by the election management software. The AccuVote OS can be configured to communicate with GEMS over a serial or modem connection.

In 1989 Unisys began marketing the ES-2000, originally developed by North American Professional Technologies, a subsidiary of Macrotrends International Ventures Inc. of Vancouver earlier in the 80s. Already by 1990 Unisys was selling the ES-2000 under the trade-name Accu-Vote. In late 1991, NAPT merged with Macrotrends to form Global Election Systems Inc. The corporation was technically Canadian, but the executive offices were in McKinney, Texas. Global immediately purchased a share in the patent rights of Data Information Management Systems. Through the decade of the 1990s, Global would grow to become a major force in the election equipment marketplace, largely on the strength of the AccuVote ES-2000.

In 2002, Diebold Inc., a well established manufacturer of bank vaults, automatic teller machines and other security-related products, bought Global to create Diebold Election Systems Inc. Global and Diebold continued to make the AccuVote ES-2000, although the name changed to the Accuvote OS, standing for Optical Scan, to distinguish it from the AccuVote TS, the touch-screen voting system that Global acquired with the purchase of I-Mark Systems.

In 2006, Diebold re-branded their election services department as Premier Election Solution and Premier purchased in 2009 by Election Systems and Software (ES&S) and was subsequently sold to Dominon Voting following a 2010 antitrust settlement.

After re-branding as Premier Election Solutions, the company announced its intentions of developing a hybrid optical scan/ballot marking device product to compete with the ES&S Model 100/AutoMARK combination that had proven successful in allowing jurisdictions to meet the accessibility requirements of the Help America Vote Act while retaining a paper ballot voting system.

In the end the AccuVote OSX was introduced in 2007 as part of the Assure voting system suite, which included the AutoMARK. The intake mechanism was modified for the OSX and a larger a sharper LCD screen for overvote/undervote protection.

The AccuVote OSX ballot box features three bins. The main compartment is divided into two bins, and there is a third bin in the door of the box. The AccuVote OSX uses the two internal compartments according to conditions set in GEMS and allows for the use of the bin in the door until the AccuVote OSX is replaced by a new unit, should a unit fail on Election Day. Access to the ballot box is protected by doors using locked compartments.

1. After you check in at the polling place, a poll worker will give you a paper ballot, which you will mark with the pen provided. Be sure to verify with the poll worker that you are using the correct pen for the machine used in your polling place.
2. Mark your choice on the ballot by darkening the oval (above right) next to your candidate’s name or selection. Follow the directions carefully to be sure your mark will count.
3. To cast a write-in vote, there are two steps: first, darken the oval for the Write-In position in that contest. Second, write the name of the person you are voting for on the line next to the Write-In oval. You must complete both steps to be sure your write-in vote will be counted!
4. When you have made all the choices you wish to make, review your ballot carefully. If you have made a mistake marking your ballot, ask a poll worker for another ballot.
5. When done voting, take the ballot to the scanning machine and insert it face up. If you have voted for more candidates for a race than can be elected (“over voted”), the machine may reject your ballot and will offer you the opportunity to correct your mistake. You may choose to submit your ballot as is, or correct the over-vote by marking a new ballot. (If you submit as is, your votes will be counted for all races except the over-voted race.) If the scanner is not working, your ballot will be secured to be scanned later.

Exceprt from HBO documentary Hacking Democracy (2006):

AccuVote OS usage in November 2020 (click for details)

Resources:

Integrity of Electronic Voting Systems: Fallacious Use of Cryptography, Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, 2011
Top to Bottom Review, California Secretary of State (2007)
Premier Source Code Report
Premier Red Team Report
Premier Documentation Report
Ohio EVEREST Review (2007)
Premier Executive Summary
Premier Technical Manager Report
Premier Technical Details Report
Final Academic Report
Systest Technical Report
Security Assessment of the Diebold Optical Scan Voting Terminal, UConn VoTeR Center and Department of Computer Science and Engineering,University of Connecticut (2006)

Security Seals

Ideally, the OS’s exposed ports, memory card access areas, ballot box doors and case seams would be covered with tamper-evident security seals. The integrity of these seals should be maintained at all times, and only breached under controlled, explained circumstances. Seals should be logged to maintain chain of custody of sensitive materials.

Keys

The keys for the AccuVote-OS are the same for all AccuVote-OS machines and are easily pickable with readily available tools. Care should be observed around the ballot box lock and the scanner key lock (turns the system off and on).

Ballot Box Access

Optical scan systems have at least one and possible more ballot boxes. Each ballot box should be inspected by a voter at the beginning of voting to make sure that they are empty. These ballot boxes should locked and/or be sealed with tamper-evident tape.

Memory Card Is Sensitive

Corrupt memory cards may be able introduce viruses, cause the main election server to crash and falsify votes. Access to the memory card should be controlled, monitored and logged at all times.

Correct Inks

Some Optical Scan systems have trouble reading red inks or inks with red in them. Voters should use the writing instrument provided at the polling place or, if voting at home, black ballpoint pen that does not bleed through paper.

Premier Voting Solutions
(formerly Diebold Election Systems)

1253 Allen Station Parkway, P.O. Box 1019
Allen, TX 75013

In 1979, Bob Urosevich founded American Information Systems and served as the President of AIS (now known as Election Systems & Software) from 1979 through 1992. In 1995, Bob Urosevich started I-Mark Systems, whose product was a touch screen voting system utilizing a smart card and biometric encryption authorization technology. Global Election Systems, Inc. (GES) acquired I-Mark in 1997, and on July 31, 2000 Mr. Urosevich was promoted from Vice President of Sales and Marketing and New Business Development to President and Chief Operating Officer. On January 22, 2002, Diebold announced the acquisition of GES, then a manufacturer and supplier of electronic voting terminals and solutions. The total purchase price, in stock and cash, was $24.7 million. Global Election Systems subsequently changed its name to Diebold Election Systems, Inc. In 2006, Diebold decided to remove its name from the front of the voting machines for strategic reasons. In August 2007 the company changed its name to “Premier Election Solutions”. Premier Election Solutions was acquired on September 2009 by Election Systems and Software (ES&S) and was subsequently partially acquired by Dominion Voting Systems on May 19 2010 following a 2010 antitrust settlement.

Premier/Diebold

Make / Model: Premier/Diebold (Dominion) AccuVote TSX
Equipment Type: Direct Recording Electronic (DRE)

The AccuVote TS and TSX are touch screen direct recording electronic voting machines that record votes on internal flash memory. Voters insert a “smart-card” into the machine and then make their choices by touching an area on a computer screen, much in the same way that modern ATMs work. Both systems offer a summary page once the voter has sequenced through the entire ballot, giving the voter an opportunity to verify their choices and to vote in any race they missed. The votes are then recorded to internal electronic memory.

The AccuVote TS/TSX is configured for each election by inserting a memory card into a slot behind a locked door on the side of the machine. The memory card is a standard PCMCIA flash storage card. Before the election, the file system on the memory card stores the election definition, sound files, translations for other languages, interpreted code that is used to print reports, and other configuration information. As each ballot is cast, the AccuVote TS/TSX stores an electronic record of the votes associated with that ballot onto a file on the memory card. At the close of polls, the AccuVote TS/TSX counts all of the votes and prints a summary tape showing the vote tallies. After the election, poll workers remove the memory card from the machine and send it to election headquarters so that the electronic vote records can be uploaded for tabulation.

Internally, the TSX contains much of the same hardware found in a general-purpose PC. It contains a 32-bit Intel xScale processor, 32 MB of internal flash memory, and 64 MB of RAM. The TSX runs version 4.1 of Microsoft’s Windows CE operating system with modifications written by Diebold. An application called BallotStation runs on top of the operating system and provides the user interface that voters and poll workers see. BallotStation interacts with the voter, accepts and records votes, counts the votes, and performs all other election-related processing. The TSX also contains a custom bootloader and other low-level support software.

Smart cards are used with the AccuVote TS/TSX to authenticate voters and poll workers. Each smart card is a piece of plastic in the shape of a credit card with an embedded computer chip that can communicate with the AccuVote TS/TSX when inserted into a slot on the side of the machine. Smart cards are used to authenticate voters. When a voter signs in, a poll worker gives them an activated voter card. The voter inserts the card into an AccuVote TS or TSX, and the machine allows her to cast one ballot. Once the vote has been recorded, the AccuVote TS/TSX deactivates the voter card so that it cannot be used to vote a second time. The voter returns the card to poll workers, who can reactivate it for subsequent voters. Alternatively, in some jurisdictions poll workers activate the voter card and then insert it into the AccuVote TS/TSX unit for the voter, so that voters do not have to insert it themselves. Supervisor cards are used to authenticate poll workers. The chief poll worker would normally be given a supervisor card. When the supervisor card is inserted into a TSX unit, the poll worker is presented with extra functionality not available to voters, such as the ability to close the polls or examine audit logs. Supervisor cards would normally not be provided to voters.

Voting Process: When the voter enters the precinct, he or she is confirmed as registered and then given a smart card by a poll worker. The smart card is a card the size and shape of a credit card and contains a computer chip, some memory, and basic data, such as the voter’s voting language and political party. The voter then takes the smart card to a voting machine and inserts the smart card into the machine to begin voting. After using the touch screen to vote, the record of the vote is directly recorded electronically to multiple, internal flash memory cards and the voter’s smart card is reset to ensure that it can only be used to vote once. The smart card pops out of the machine with a loud “click” and the voter returns it to a poll worker.

Checking the Voter-Verifiable Paper Trail: If the TSX is equipped with the voter-verifiable paper trail, the printer tape is located to the right of the touch screen under transparent plastic. Voting takes place as described above; however, at the conclusion of voting, a paper ballot is printed and displayed in the Accuview housing so that the voter can verify their selections before the ballot is deposited into a container within the printer module to await retrieval by poll workers.

Pollworker Information: When the polls close, a poll worker or election official inserts an administrator smart card into each voting machine and puts the machine into a post-election mode so it will no longer record votes. At this point, the machine writes the votes from its internal memory to flash memory on a PCMCIA card, a removable form of flash memory. A printed tape of all votes cast or vote totals for the voting machine can also be printed out at this time, depending on local procedure and regulations. The PCMCIA cards are taken out of each machine and either taken to a central tabulation facility or to remote tabulation facilities. At the tabulation facility the votes are read out of the PCMCIA cards and into a central computer database where precincts are combined to result in an aggregate vote. For remote facilities, the votes are transmitted to the central tabulation facility via a closed intranet, the internet, or modem. The PCMCIA cards and any printouts from the voting machines can then become part of the official record of the election.

Diebold Laptops Computers

Bob Urosevich, former president of American Information Systems, left AIS in 1995 to form I-Mark Systems. The new startup’s goal was to develop a voting kiosk that could be placed in shopping malls or other public places, with a “vote anywhere” model that eliminated the need for voters to go to their assigned polling places and had the potential to eliminate the need for poll workers. The prototype I-Mark kiosk enclosed an IBM PC and its CRT video monitor in a laminate-covered pedestal. Input was done with a light pen (a wand the voter could touch to the screen to make selections). The PC ran Microsoft Windows 95. After the prototype had been demonstrated and certied for use in Kansas in mid-1997, a second version of the Electronic Ballot Station was built. The bulky desktop PC inside the kiosk was replaced with what was essentially laptop computer technology, an at-panel display with a touch screen hinged to the top of a lightweight base that incorporated the computer and smart card reader. It was marketed as the EBS model 100, and was certied for use in Kentucky in the fall of 1997.

I-Mark was acquired by Global Election Systems (GES) in 1997. As part of the acquisition, Bob Urosevich was appointed Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Global. Since Global already had signicant market penetration with its Accuvote precinct-count ballot scanner, it was natural to rename the re-packaged EBS Model 100 the AccuVote-TS (touch screen), while the precinct-count scanner became the AccuVote OS (optical scan). The AccuVote TS was oficially announced on November 7, 2000, simultaneously with its first use in Mahoning County, Ohio. The announcement repeated Bob Urosevich’s vision of eventually migrating to the vote-anywhere model, while at the same time making clear that the AccuVote TS was fully functional as a stand-alone voting machine for precinct use. Diebold acquired Global Election Systems in January 2002. GES was renamed Diebold Election Systems (DES), and Robert Urosevich, who had been President of GES, became the CEO of DES.

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After unsuccessful efforts to sell the election systems subsidiary, Diebold Election System’s name was changed to Premier Election Solutions in 2007 and Premier was made somewhat independent of Diebold. On September 3, 2009 Diebold announced that the company had sold its election system business to Election Systems & Software (ES&S) for only $5 million. There was an immediate outcry, because the sale would have given ES&S control over more than 75% of the voting machine market. Senator Charles Schumer (D) urged the Justice Department to probe the sale, warning that competition is needed to reduce chances of widespread election fraud. About a week after the announced sale, Hart InterCivic led a lawsuit against Diebold and ES&S, claiming that the sale posed an “imminent threat of irreparable harm to other vendors like Hart.” On March 8, 2010 the Department of Justice announced that it was requiring ES&S “to divest voting equipment systems assets it purchased in September 2009 from Premier Election Solutions Inc. in order to restore competition.” Dominion Voting Systems, which purchased the assets that ES&S was forced to sell, subsequently purchased Sequoia Voting Systems.

VVPAT Cover

There is an opaque cover on hinges over the VVPAT viewing window. This cover is intended to give voters with visual impairment a higher degree of ballot privacy since they use the audio ballot and do not use the VVPAT for verification. Unfortunately, this cover can be shut inadvertently or not reopened after a voter with sight impairment votes. This cover should always be open unless a voter with a sight impairment is using the TSX. Alternatively, the cover can easily be removed from its hinges and re-attached when necessary.

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Memory Cards

The TSX is susceptible to viruses transmitted through its memory card pack. Great care should be taken when handling the memory packs. A voter should never touch, remove, or otherwise mess with the TSX memory pack. Poll workers should only do so after polls have closed and the election is closed on each TSX terminal.

Security Seals

Many jurisdictions wisely employ tamper-evident seals to indicate when a machine might have been compromised. These seals look like stickers with serial numbers on them. When removed, they change color or otherwise indicate that the seal is no longer covering the security-sensitive area it was before. It is important than any seal that reads “VOID” or something similar that is still in place on a machine be reported immediately to poll workers. Places to expect security seals include over the power switch or the “close polls” button, over the memory card or memory card cover, and over the case seams as someone who gains access to the internals of a TSX by removing its case can install their own software on it.

Integrity of Electronic Voting Systems: Fallacious Use of Cryptography, Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Connecticut (2011)
Top to Bottom Review, California Secretary of State (2007)
Premier Source Code Report
Premier Red Team Report
Premier Documentation Report
Analysis of an Electronic Voting Machine, Tadayoshi Kohno, Adam Stubblefield, Aviel D. Rubin, and Dan S. Wallach, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2004. IEEE Computer Society Press (May 2004)
Trusted Agent Report — Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting System, RABA Technologies (Jan. 20, 2004)
DRE Security Assessment, Volume 1, Computerized Voting Systems, Summary of Findings and Recommendations, InfoSENTRY (Nov. 21, 2003)

Ohio EVEREST Review
Premier Executive Summary
Premier Technical Manager Report
Premier Technical Details Report
Final Academic Report
Systest Technical Report
Security Assessment of the Diebold Optical Scan Voting Terminal, UConn VoTeR Center and Department of Computer Science and Engineering,University of Connecticut (2006)
Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Technical Security Assessment Report, Compuware Corporation (Nov. 21, 2003)
Risk Assessment Report: Diebold Accuvote-TS Voting System and Processes (redacted), Science Applications International Corporation SAIC-6099-2003-261 (Sept. 2, 2003)

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Premier Voting Solutions

1253 Allen Station Parkway, P.O. Box 1019
Allen, TX 75013

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In 1979, Bob Urosevich founded American Information Systems and served as the President of AIS (now known as Election Systems & Software) from 1979 through 1992. In 1995, Bob Urosevich started I-Mark Systems, whose product was a touch screen voting system utilizing a smart card and biometric encryption authorization technology. Global Election Systems, Inc. (GES) acquired I-Mark in 1997, and on July 31, 2000 Mr. Urosevich was promoted from Vice President of Sales and Marketing and New Business Development to President and Chief Operating Officer. On January 22, 2002, Diebold announced the acquisition of GES, then a manufacturer and supplier of electronic voting terminals and solutions. The total purchase price, in stock and cash, was $24.7 million. Global Election Systems subsequently changed its name to Diebold Election Systems, Inc. In 2006, Diebold decided to remove its name from the front of the voting machines for strategic reasons. In August 2007 the company changed its name to Premier Election Solutions. Premier Election Solutions was acquired on September 2009 by Election Systems and Software (ES&S) and was subsequently partially acquired by Dominion Voting Systems on May 19, 2010 following a 2010 antitrust settlement.

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